• 1990 Census: Tribal Populations
• Native American History and Culture
• Code Talk Code Talk is a federal inter-agency Native American website that provides information for Native American communities. Code Talk is hosted by the U.S. Department of Housing and
• A Line in the Sand Cultural Property: The protection of the tangible and non-tangible. Cultural property belongs to the group rather than to an individual. As an individual has the right to control use of her/his property, the cultural group has that same right. Urban Development, Office of Native American Programs.
• American Indian Movement (AIM)
• The American Indian Occupation of Alcatraz 1969-1971 and The FBI Files on the American Indian Movement and Wounded Knee
• History of the American West 1860-1920, Libaray of Congress, American Memory Library

  Pre-contact Era

  • Hoo-Moo-Thy-Ah Autobiography of a Yavapai leader
  • Crazy Horse Crazy Horse Archives: 1930 Interviews concerning Tasunka Witko
  • Four Huron Wampum Records History and Mnemonic Symbols
  • Native American Materials at Oklahoma State University
  • Wyandanch: Sachem of the Montauketts

  Post-contact Era

  • 1492: An Ongoing Voyage Library of Congress Exhibition
  • The Indian Wars of the West and Frontier Army Life
  • The Journey of Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca
  • Government-to-Government Relations with Native American Tribal Governments Clinton memorandum, 4/29/94
  • Early Modern Trans-Atlantic Encounters: Spain, England etc.
  • Colonization and Print in the Americas Includes sections on: Viewrers and the Viewed; Print and Native Cultures; Colonial Fictions, Colonial Histories. University of Pennsylvania (1998)
  • Texas: The Settlers and the Native Americans Duke University's Robert Potter Papers and Western Photograph Collection
  • "Reflections on Race and Manifest Destiny" Thomas Jimson (1992)
  • Fur Trade
  • Toedliche Verwandschaft (Native Immunity to European Disease) In German
  • Jeffrey Amherst and Smallpox Blankets Lord Jeffrey Amherst's letters discussing germ warfare against American Indians
  • American Indian Records on Microfilm: National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)
  • Indian Missions in Kansas
  • Native Alaskan Culture and the Russian Orthodox Church

  • The Oneida and the Birth of the American Nation: 1777

  • The Dawes Act (1887): Land Allotment
  • The Demise of the Buffalo (1871)

  The Wars

  • King Philip's War (1675-1676)
  • King William's War (1689-1697)
  • Pontiac's Rebellion (1763-1766)
  • The Dakota War: A Closer Look at the Conflict Duke University
  • Massacre on the Marias

  Photographs

  • Reading Photographs Comanche Domestic Architecture 1873: An Ethnographic Reading

US Federal Policy

• Colonial Policy
• Early American Indian Documents: Treaties and Laws (1607-1789)
• Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties Laws compiled to December 1, 1913; Treaties 1778-1883
• Northwest Ordinances (1784, 1785, 1787)
• Indian Removal Act (1824)
• Indian Removal Act (1830)
• Indian Removal Act (1830)
• Indian Reorganization Act (Wheeler-Howard Act 1934)
• Indian Reorganization Act Era: Constitutions and Charters
• The Trail of Tears
• Dawes General Allotment Act (1887) Indian Land for Sale
• Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs: Central Classified Files (1907-1939)
• Native Americans and the New Deal: The Office Files of John Collier (1933-1945)
• Twentieth-Century Reforms in US Indian Policy
• Affirmative Action and Native Americans

E-Texts and Reviews

• Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs Classified Files (1907-1939)
• Bureau of Indian Affairs
• The Last of the Mohicans James Fennimore Cooper, 1757 (E-Text)
• Letters and notes on the manners, customs, and condition of the North American Indians: written during eight year's travel amongst the wildest tribes of Indians in North America, in 1832, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, and 39 George Catlin, 1796-1872. (E-Text)
• Life among the Indians George Catlin, 1796-1872 (E-Text)
• A brief history of King Philip's War, 1675-1677: being a summary of the articles appearing in the New-England Historical and Genealogical Register from 1883 to 1891, under the title, "Soldiers in King Philip's War" George M. Bodge (George Madison), 1841-1914 (E-Text)
• Condition of the Indian Tribes (1865) Congressional Report containing important information on the Sand Creek Massacre (E-Text)
• The Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson Mary Rowlandson (E-Text)
• New views of the origin of the tribes and nations of America Benjamin Smith Barton, 1766-1815 (E-Text)
• Indian Running: Native American History and Tradition (Text. Peter Nabokov, 1981)
• Forgotten Founders: The Iroquois and Tribal Government (Text, Bruce E. Johansen)
• We Must Do Their Thinking for Them (Text, Jordan S. Dill)
• Killing the White Man's Indian: Reinventing Native Americans by Fergus Bordewich (A Review, 1996)
• Native American Political Systems and the Evolution of Democray: An Annotated Bibliography
• The Pequot War by Alfred Cave (A Review 1996)
• Tituba- Reluctant Witch of Salem: Devilish Indians and Puritan Fantasies by Elaine Breslaw (A Review, 1996)

Code Talkers



Private First Class Preston Toledo: Code Talker

• Native American Code Talkers The Choctaw, Comanche and Navajo in World War I and II
• Choctaw Code Talkers Choctaw World War I War Memorial
• Language as a Weapon
• Navajo Code Talkers How the code was developed.
• The Navajo Code Talkers' Dictionary Revised as of June 15, 1945 (DECLASSIFIED UNDER DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE DIRECTIVE 5200.9)
• Navajo Code Talkers' Dictionary Compare the above
• Navajo Code Talkers With photographs
• The Navajo Code Talker Carl Gorman Check out this important piece of oral history. Just click RealPlayer to get your audio system hooked up. Free.

Oral Histories

• Chief Red Horse-Eyewitness Testimony to the Battle of the Little Bighorn
• Hopi Oral History and Archaeology
• Hopi Oral History and Archaeology 2
• Lakota Oral History
• Oral Histories of the Northwest Coast
• Oral Traditions
• A Visit with Henry Mitchell Penobscot Canoe Maker
• Sand Creek A 1996 interview withShermann Goose, an elder of the Southern Cheyenne Nation.
• The descendants of Sand Creek survivors A 1996 interview with John Snipes, Jr. John is the great-grandson of Mochis, a survivor of Sand Creek and later a female Cheyenne warrior.

19th-Century Native and Non-Native Commentary

• An Indian On the Problems of His Race (Simon Pokagon, 1895)
• Indian Superstitions and Legends (Simon Pokagon, 1898)
• Naming the Indians (Frank Terry, 1897)
• Naming the Indians (Simon Pokagon, 1897)
• The North American Indian This page is a gateway to information concerning approximately 80 western Native American tribes, visited and photographed by Edward Sheriff Curtis from 1890 to 1930, taken from "The North American Indian", Curtis' massive lifework. "The North American Indian" consists of 20 volumes of text, describing, in detail, all aspects of each Native American tribe's life and customs.
• Remaining Causes of Indian Discontent (John Okison, 1907)

The West: A PBS Documentary 1996

• The West AN overview of the 8 episodes in the series
• Episode 1: The People /To 1806 (9 sections)
• Episode 2: Empire Upon the Trails /1806-1848 (12 sections)
• Episode 3: Speck of the Future /1848-1856 (11 sections)
• Episode 4: Death Runs Riot /1856-1868 (9 sections)
• Episode 5: The Grandest Enterprise under God /1868-1874 (12 sections)
• Episode 6: Fight No More Forever /1874-1877 ( 7 sections)
• Episode 7: The Geography of Hope /1877-1887 (13 sections)
• Episode 8: One Sky ABove Us /1887-1914 (13 sections)

Wounded Knee

• 1931 Account of the Battle By Brigadier General E.S. Godfrey. Commander of Troop D, 7th Cavalry in the Fight
• Wounded Knee
• Wounded Knee Site Index
• Wounded Knee South Dakota
• Wovoka-The Messiah The Ghost Dance

The Battle of the Little Bighorn: Two Perspectives

• Two Views of the Greasy Grass Battle (Little BigHorn): The Native and the Non-Native One an Indian drawing by Red Horse, a Minneconjou Sioux, and an illustration which appeared in Harper's Weekly.
• Custer Battlefield Historical and Museum Association Is there still a Custer Battlefield?
• Indian Memorial at the Little Bighorn Battlefield National Momument Public Law 102-201 signed by President George Bush on December 10, 1991, renamed Custer Battlefield National Monument in Montana as Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument and called for the design and construction of a living memorial and monument to recognize the Indians who fought, on either side, to preserve their land and culture in the Battle of the Little Bighorn, fought on June 25-26, 1876.
• Lakota Noon at the Greasy Grass Greg Michno. Intersting account accompanied by a map of the battle.

  The American Indian

  • An Annoted Roster of the American Indian Participants in the Battle of the Little Bighorn
  • Mato Wanartaka's (Kicking Bear's) Account of the Battle
    

    The Battle of the Greasy Grass (c. 1898) by Mato Wanartaka (Lakota: 1846-1904). The Southwest Museum, Los Angeles

  • Indian Memorial at Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument "If this memorial is to serve its total purpose, it must not only be a tribute to the dead, ; it must contain a mesage for the living...power through unity..." Enos Poor Bear, Sr. , Oglala Lakota Elder
  • Ben Nighthorse Campbell 1990: Commentary on a bill to authrize the establishment of an Indian Memorial at Custer Battlefield National Monument
  • Monument Name Change 1991 "The Custer Battlefield National Monument in Montana shall, on and after the date of enactment of this Act, be known as the 'Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument' " (Public Law 102-201)
  • Killing Custer A review of the book by Blackfeet-Gros Ventre author James Welch
  • Red Horse A Lakota account of the battle
  • Kate Bighead A Cheyenne's woman's account of the battle

  The Non-Indian

  The Little Bighorn National Monument
  • Battle of the Little Big Horn
  • The Custer Battlefield National Monument 1986
  • The Little Big Horn National Monument Advisory Committee Documents Archive concerning recent history on the Indian Monument "Peace Through Unity."
  • The Little Big Horn Coverup
  • Notes from The North American Indian E.S. Curtis

Documents

Research Tools

• National Archives and Records Administration
• Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties Volume 1 (Index of Laws to December 1, 1902); Volume 2 (Index of Treaties: 1770-1890); Volume 3 (Index of Laws to December 1, 1913)

Documents

• American Indian Women 19th-century commentary by Alexis de Tocqueville, Gustav de Beaumont, Thomas Cather, Francesco Arese, Frederick Marryat
• BIA-Classified Files
• Charles Erskine Scott Wood-The Pursuit and Capture of Chief Joseph
• Chief Joseph-Selected Speeches and Statements
• Constitutional Status of American IndiansFrom the United States Commission on Civil Rights, March 1973
• The Dawes Act (1887)
  • Allotment Data Alphabetically by Reservation
  • The Results of the Dawes or General Allotment Act Native American Documents Project
• Documents Pertaining to the Native Graves Act
• Documents on the Sand Creek Massacre (1864-1865)
• Early American Historical Documents

  1. Acquisition of Oregon, Volume One1911.; 2. Acquisition of Oregon, Volume Two1911; 3. Adventures on the Columbia River 1832; 4. Autobiography of Black Hawk (MA-KA-TAI-ME-SHE-KIA-KIAK) 1832; 5. Church's Indian Wars from 1675 to 1704 Thomas Church, esq. Published 1716 - 1854; 6. Annual Reports of the Bureau of Ethnology, Volumes 1-27 - INDEX 1881-1911; 7. Executive Document 68 - Abraham Lincoln conveys documents regarding the Dakota Conflict to the 37th Congress 1863; 8.. Executive Document 79 - 13th Annual Report of the Board of Indian Commissioners for the year 1881; 9. Executive Document 196 - Eastern Cherokees in North Carolina Regarding a Resolution of the House February 25, 1882 relative to the lands and funds of the Eastern Band of North Carolina Cherokees; 10. Indian History of the Northwest - Siwash - by J. A. Costello published 1895; 11. Indian Tribes of the United States, vol 1 Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, 1883-1884 (index at end of volume 2); 12. Indian Tribes of the United States, vol 2 Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, 1883-1884 (index at end of this volume); 13. Opinion of the Supreme Court of the United States Delivered by Mr. Chief Justice Marshall in the case of Samuel A. Worcester vs The State of Georgia, January Term, 1832 [This is the opinion of which then President Andrew Jackson said "Mr. Marshall has made his ruling, let him enforce it." The infamous trail of tears followed shortly thereafter.]; 14. Pioneer Stories - A local history by Shirley Clayton. A history of Dillard, Oregon; the Rice family; the Kent family; Grant and Eva Clayton; the Burnett family biography of Andrew Ervin Street of Malin, Oregon. Published without copyright in 1956; 15. Red Jacket, The Life and Times of Being the Sequel to the History of the Six Nations by William L. Stone, 1841; 16. 23rd Congress, 2nd Session, Document 71 - Memorial of John Ross and Others, Representatives of the Cherokee nation of Indians, January 21, 1835; 17. 28th Congress US Senate Document 229 - A report made by P. M. Butler, U.S. agent for the Cherokee Indians, September 30, 1843; 18. 29th Congress US Senate Document 133 - Memorial of John Ross and Others, Representatives of the Cherokee nation of Indians, May 4, 1846; 19. 55th Congress US Senate Document 61 - Statement of a Delegation of Ogalalla Sioux Regarding the State of Affairs at the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota, April 29-30, 1897;

• Federal Treaties Made with Individual Native Nations Alphabetical Gopher Listing
• The Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868
• Indian Policy Reform: Assimilation President Chester Arthur on legislation needed to dissolve "the tribal bond, which is so prominent a feature of savage life" (1881)
• Treaty with the Delawares (1778)
• Treaty with the Six Nations [Seneca, Mohawk, Onondaga, Cayuga, Oneida, Tuscarora] (1784)
• Treaty with the Cherokee (1785)
• Treaty with the Wyandot (1785)
• Treaty with the Chickasaw (1786)
• Treaty with the Choctaw (1786)
• Treaty with the Shawnee (1786)
• Treaty with the Creeks (1790)
• The Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868
• Guides to Records Relating to Native Americans
• Iroquois Constitution
• Laws and Treaties with the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chikasaw, Creek and Seminole Compiled and edited by Charles J. Kappler. Oklahoma State University Library Washington : Government Printing Office, 1904.
• Native American Documents Project Cal State at San Marcos: Professor E. Schwartz
• Native American Constitution and Law Digitalization Project Tribal constitutions and codes are the heart of self-government for over 500 federally recognized tribes, and are the lifeblood of Indian sovereignty. The University of Oklahoma Law Center Library and the National Indian Law Library work with tribes whose government documents appear on this web site; these tribal documents are either placed online with the permission of the tribes, or they are U.S. Government documents, rightfully in the public domain.
• Treaties by Nation Native American Web Services (Nawebs) has published nearly 400 downloadable full-length treaties. Excellent resource.
• U.S. Goverment Bills Concerning American Indians
• Western Historical Manuscript Collection
• Will Rogers' Case File for Enrollment in The Five Civilized Tribes

  The Lewis and Clark Expedition

• The Lewis and Clark Expedition A Washington State University Project
• The Ethnography of Lewis and Clark: Native American Objects and the Quest for Commerce and Science Text and Photographs provided by the Peabody Museum
  

  Engraving from Catlin's Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs and Condition of the North American Indians (1841)

• Native Nations Encountered by Lewis and Clark Arikaras, Assinoboines, Blackfeet, Chinooks, Clatsops, Hidatsas, Mandans, Missouris, Nez Perces, Otos, Shoshones, Teton Sioux, Tillamocks, Walla Wallas, Wishrams, Yankton Sioux
• Real Audio Commentary On How Lewis and Clark Dealt With Native Americans A PBS sponsored site. Interview with Gerard Baker (Mandan-Hidatsa) on the significance of Lewis and Clark

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Timelines

• Historical and Legislative Review of Federal Indian Policy From 1776 to the present
• Major Pre-Columbian Indian Cultures in the U.S.
• A Native American Timeline
• This Week in American Indian History
• Timeline: Developed for the PBS Documentary: The West (1996)
• Timeline: Northern Plains Native Americans
• 19th-Century Timeline of Native Americans A Native American Navigator Project with important links to history

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Maps

• American Indian Tribes circa 1600
• Colonial Map of American Indian Tribes "Most European settlers, accustomed to small-scale farms, viewed the Indian's vast hunting grounds as a wasteful, ineffective use of their land. They also wanted sovereignty over Indian territory in order to claim the gateway the west, beginning with the Ohio Valley. After the French and Indian War, the Treaty of Paris in 1763 labeled all Indians "subjects" of the British crown, and established the settlements of eastern North America as British colonies. The Proclaimation of 1763 marked boundaries along the Appalachians, separating Indian land from European settlements and nullifying any 'sea-to-sea' claims based on colonial charters. The Plan of 1764 also set up an imperial fur trading system at the frontier forts intended to protect Indian land and treaty rights. In the end, however, these agreements gave in to pressure from speculators and westward expansion." California State University at Long Beach: Professor Troy Johnson
• Cultural Area Map With Tribe Finder
• All U.S. Tribes Main Access Map
• Data Map for 1990 U.S. Census Statistics
• Distribution of California Indians
• "Indian Territory" (1891) Pre-Dawes Act (1897) "SEC. 8. That the provisions of this act shall not extend to the territory occupied by the Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, Seminoles, and Osage, Miamies and Peorias, and Sacs and Foxes, in the Indian Territory, nor to any of the reservations of the Seneca Nation of New York Indians in the State of New York, nor to that strip of territory in the State of Nebraska adjoining the Sioux Nation on the south added by executive order. "
• "Indian Territory" (1895)>/A> Pre-Dawes Act (1897)
• Federally Recognized U.S. Indian Tribes-Index by State (About 556 American Indian Nations Federally Non-Recognized U.S. Indian Tribes-Index By State (About 245 federally non-recognized tribes)
• Early Indian Tribes, Cultural Areas and Linguistic Stocks< (Eastern U.S.): William C. Sturtevant, Smithsonian Institution 1967
• Early Indian Tribes, Cultural Areas and Linguistic Stocks (Western U.S.): William C. Sturtevant, Smithsonian Institution 1967
• Indian Lands Judicially Established 1978
• Indian Land Cessions by Tribe-Study Guide
• Indian Removals Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw
• Indian Tribes and Reservations From the BIA Geographic Data Service Center, Lakewood, Colorado. Deatailed clickable state and regional shaded relief maps.
• Land Transfers from Native Americans to Whites: 1775-1894 "These two maps reveal the dramatic transfer of Indian Lands in to white hands between 1775 and 1894. The shaded areas are Indian holdings, the white areas those held by settlers. Lands transferred include those given over by treaty; purchase; unratified treaty of agreement; and those taken without Indian consent by private seizure and executive order, usually from the Secretary of the Interior or Congress. The huge reserves held by tribes before the Europeans arrived were necessary to support hunting, agriculture, and their nomadic way of life. White settlers, used to much denser populations saw this as wasteful and unnecessary. It was the conscious desire and mission of many settlers and government officials to rid the Indians of any title to their lands by 1900, and vest those title rights in the U.S. government. " California State University at Long Beach: Professor Troy Johnson
• Maps: GIS Windows on Native Lands, Current Places, and History
• A Map of the traditional location of the Blackfeet and Cheyenne Nations (Smithsonian Institution, 1967)
• Native American Reservation Map and Archaeological Sites
• Navajo Reservation Rug Map
• North American Peoples and Cultures: Canada and the US
• North American Precontact Native Cultural Areas
• U.S. Federal and State Reservation Map

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Tribal Histories and Statistics

• The American West: Native Americans
• History of American Indian Tribes
• Statistics for all American Indian Reservations and Trust Lands
• When is a Tribe a Tribe?

The Northeast

• Histories of Northeastern Tribes The Abenaki, Maliseet, Micmac, Mohegan, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Passamaquoddy, Penobscot, Pequot, Shinnecock, Wampanoag
• History of the Abenaki Nation
• History of the Delaware Nation
• History of the Illinois Nation
• History of the Kickapoo Nation
• History of the Mahican Nation
• History of the Mahican Nation 2
• History of the Massachusett Nation
• History of the Mattabesic Nation
• History of the Menominee Nation
• History of the Metoac Nation
• History of the Miami Nation
• History of the Micmac
• History of the Mohegan Nation
• History of the Narragansett Nation
• History of the Nauset Nation
• History of the Niantic Nation
• History of the Nipissing Nation
• History of the Nipmuc Nation
• History of the Passamaquoddy
• History of the Pennacook Nation
• History of the Pequot Nation
• History of the Pocumtuc Nation
• History of the Sauk and Fox Nation
• The Seneca Nation
• History of the Shawnee Nation
• History of the Susquehannock
• History of the Wampanoag Nation
• Cultural History of the Wampanoag
• The Six Nations of the Iroquois

The Southeast

• History of the Cawtaba Nation
• History of the Cherokee History, Images and Maps, Geneology, Books and Newspapers, Related Links
• History of the Cherokee Nation (I)
• History of the Cherokee Nation (II)
• Chickasaw Historical Research Census Rolls, Letters, Government Documents
• Choctaw Removal
• History of the Creek Nation
• History of the Lumbee
• History of the Nansemond
• The Occaneechi People Alamance and Orange Counties, North Carolina
• History of the Seminole

The Plains

• History of the Southern Arapaho
• Assiniboine Oral History An oral history of the Assiniboine people
• Cheyene River Sioux Tribe History
• The Fort Peck Assiniboine and Sioux History
• History of the Comanche Nation (I)
• History of the Comanche Nation (II)
• The Illini Confederation of the Missisippi
• The Lipan Apache (Tinde) of Texas
• Baxoje Ukich'e(The Ioway Nation) and The Iowa(Oklahoma) and The Iowa (Kansas Nebraska)
• History of the Nez Perce
• Numunuu: The Comanche
• Ojibwe History
• Oglala Lakota Tribal Historical Research Center
• History of the Pawnee Nation
• History of the Ute
• History of the Wichita and Affiliated Nations
• The Wyandot (Huron) See also Huron

The Southwest and California

• California Indian Origins
• Formation of the California Missions
• California Indian Treaties
• Klamath History
• History of the Maidu Mechoopda Indian Tribe
• Muwekma Ohlone History
• Navajo History
• Navajo History (1776-1996)
• Navajo History Treaties, laws, comparative timelines
• Native Peoples of Northern California Short histories of The Pitt River Tribe, The Shasta Indian People, The Modoc People and The Wintu Tribe
• Northern and Central California Indians Tribal and linguistic groups, maps, tribal bibliographies (University of California at Berkeley)
• Pomo History
• History of the San Manuel Band of Mission Indians
• The Tachi Yokut Tribe

The Northwest

• American Indians of the Pacific Northwest A Cultural History: Arts, Dwellings, Education, Essays, Potlatches, Transportation, Treaties, Work. The digital databases includes over 2,300 original photographs as well as over 3,800 pages from the Annual Reports of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to the Secretary of the Interior from 1851 to 1908 and six Indian treaties negotiated in 1855. Secondary sources include 89 articles from the Pacific Northwest Quarterly and 23 University of Washington publications in Anthropology.
• History of the Cayuse, Umatilla and Walla Walla
• History of the Cowlitz
• History of the Spokane
• History of the Wasco, Walla Walla and Paiute The Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation

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Copyright © 1997-2002 by Will Karkavelas. Osaka University, All Rights Reserved.